CHRONIC PAIN
PDF

Keywords

Chronic pain, Acute pain, Pain condition, Nervous system, Central sensitization, Neuropathy, Fibromyalgia, Arthritis, Musculoskeletal disorders, Autoimmune diseases, Pain signals, Immune system, Brain, Fatigue, Sleep disturbances, Depression

Abstract

Chronic pain is a persistent pain condition that lasts for more than three months and can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. Unlike acute pain, which serves as a warning signal for injury or illness, chronic pain often persists beyond the normal healing period and may not have an identifiable cause. It can result from conditions such as arthritis, neuropathy, fibromyalgia, and musculoskeletal disorders. Chronic pain affects both the physical and psychological well-being of individuals, leading to stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances.

The management of chronic pain involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medications, physical therapy, psychological interventions, and lifestyle modifications. Advances in medical research have led to the development of new treatments such as neuromodulation, regenerative medicine, and personalized pain management strategies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and enhancing the overall well-being of affected individuals.

PDF

References

1. Turk, D. C., & Wilson, H. D. (2019). Clinical and Translational Pain Science: From Molecules to Medicine. Oxford University Press.

2. Raja, S. N., Carr, D. B., & Cohen, M. (2020). Chronic Pain: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(5), 457-467.

3. Treede, R. D., Rief, W., Barke, A., Aziz, Q., Bennett, M. I., Benoliel, R., & Scholz, J. (2019). Chronic pain as a disease entity: Implications for pain classification and treatment. Pain, 160(1), 19-27.

4. Scholz, J., & Woolf, C. J. (2019). Can we conquer pain?. Nature Neuroscience, 22(10), 1365-1371.

5. Gatchel, R. J., & McGeary, D. D. (2021). Comorbidity of Chronic Pain and Mental Health Disorders: Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Management. Journal of Pain Research, 14, 1425-1439.

6. Apkarian, A. V., Hashmi, J. A., & Baliki, M. N. (2020). Pain and the Brain: Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment. Science, 370(6513), 1145-1149.

7. World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Chronic Pain: Global Burden and Management Strategies. Retrieved from www.who.int (https://www.who.int/)

8. National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2023). Advances in Chronic Pain Research and Treatment Approaches. Retrieved from www.nih.gov (https://www.nih.gov/)

9. Mayo Clinic. (2023). Chronic Pain: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options. Retrieved from www.mayoclinic.org (https://www.mayoclinic.org/)

10. American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM). (2023). Current Trends in Pain Management and Therapy. Retrieved from www.painmed.org (https://www.painmed.org/)