REFERRED PAIN: CAUSES, MECHANISMS, AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Abstract

Referred pain is a complex sensory phenomenon in which pain is perceived at a location different from its source. This occurs due to neural interactions within the nervous system, particularly through mechanisms such as convergence theory, visceral-somatic convergence, embryological development, and central sensitization. Common examples of referred pain include cardiac-related pain felt in the left arm or jaw, gallbladder pain referred to the right shoulder, and kidney stone pain radiating to the lower back or groin. Recognizing referred pain is crucial in clinical settings to ensure accurate diagnosis, avoid misdiagnosis, and provide effective pain management. A better understanding of referred pain patterns allows healthcare providers to improve patient outcomes and reduce unnecessary medical interventions.