REFERRED PAIN
PDF

Keywords

Referred pain, pain perception, neurology, diagnosis, nerve pathways, heart attack, gallbladder pain, kidney pain, neurophysiology, pain management

Abstract

Referred pain is a phenomenon in which pain is perceived at a location other than its source. This occurs due to the complex neural pathways of the human body, where sensory information from different regions converges in the central nervous system. Understanding referred pain is crucial in medical diagnostics, as it can indicate underlying conditions that may not be immediately apparent. This paper explores the mechanisms behind referred pain, its clinical significance, and the methods used to diagnose and treat it.
PDF

References

1. Birklein, F., & Sommer, C. (2018). The neuropathic pain network: Referred pain and beyond. Pain Reports, 3(6), e682.

2. Bogduk, N. (2009). Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum (5th ed.). Elsevier.

3. Cervero, F., & Laird, J. M. A. (1996). Mechanisms of touch-evoked pain (allodynia): A new model. Pain, 68(1), 13-23.

4. Fields, H. L. (2018). Pain: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.

5. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2013). Principles of Neural Science (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

6. Keay, K. A., & Bandler, R. (2002). Distinct central representations of inescapable and escapable pain: A psychobiological perspective. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(7), 785-796.

7. Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1996). The Challenge of Pain. Penguin Books.

8. Moayedi, M., & Davis, K. D. (2013). Theories of pain: From specificity to gate control. Journal of Neurophysiology, 109(1), 5-12.

9. Ruch, T. C. (1945). Pathophysiology of referred pain. Journal of Neurophysiology, 8(6), 329-344.

10. Woolf, C. J. (2011). Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain, 152(3), S2-S15.

11. Yaksh, T. L., & Fisher, C. J. (2007). Neurobiology of Pain. Cambridge University Press.