Abstract
Tobacco smoking induces progressive structural and functional alterations in lung tissue.
This study evaluates morphofunctional changes using radiological and microscopic techniques. Structural remodeling includes airway thickening, emphysema, and fibrosis (Kligerman S et al., 2019).Functional impairment is characterized by reduced airflow and perfusion abnormalities. High-resolution CT detects emphysematous destruction and airway remodeling (Webb WR et al., 2014).MRI identifies ventilation-perfusion mismatch in smokers (Nyilas S et al., 2022).SEM reveals surface irregularities of alveoli (Hikichi M et al., 1980).TEM demonstrates mitochondrial and epithelial damage at ultrastructural levels (Li Y et al., 2018).The severity of lung injury correlates with smoking exposure (Muthineni AK et al., 2021).Early detection is crucial for preventing irreversible pulmonary damage (Guan Y et al., 2023).
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