Abstract
This article provides a critical review of six major qualitative data analysis (QDA) approaches commonly used in applied linguistics: Thematic Analysis, Grounded Theory, Discourse Analysis, Narrative Analysis, Conversation Analysis, and Content Analysis. It examines the theoretical foundations, procedures, advantages, and limitations of each method, offering comparative insights into their relevance for investigating complex linguistic, social, and educational phenomena. The review emphasizes the importance of aligning research questions with appropriate analytical strategies, maintaining methodological rigor, and being critically reflective throughout the research process. This synthesis aims to support emerging researchers and practitioners in making informed methodological choices that contribute to credible and impactful applied linguistic research.
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