Abstract
The human microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing in and on our bodies, has emerged as a critical modulator of human health and disease. Recent pharmacological research has increasingly focused on leveraging this intricate relationship for therapeutic gain. This review synthesizes cutting-edge developments from 2023 to early 2025 in microbiome-targeted interventions, exploring diverse strategies ranging from fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and next-generation probiotics to novel small-molecule modulators and the influence of the microbiome on drug metabolism. We discuss the current landscape of clinical applications, particularly in gastrointestinal disorders, neurological conditions, and oncology, while also highlighting the persistent challenges and promising future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
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