Abstract
Contemporary translation studies is undergoing significant transformations driven by globalization, intercultural communication, technological innovation, and the increasing integration of artificial intelligence into translation practices. These developments have expanded the scope of translation beyond linguistic equivalence and introduced new challenges related to cultural representation, pragmatic meaning, literary style, translation quality, professional ethics, and human–machine collaboration. This article examines the major challenges facing contemporary translation studies through a qualitative, interdisciplinary analysis of established theoretical frameworks and current developments in translation technology.
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