Keywords
Abstract
This paper examines the historical evolution of English language pedagogy from form-focused instruction to approaches that integrate critical thinking. Early methods such as the Grammar Translation and Audio-Lingual Models prioritized accuracy through memorization and drills, offering little space for cognitive engagement. The emergence of Communicative Language Teaching, Task-Based Learning, and Content and Language Integrated Learning marked a shift toward learner-centered approaches that foster reasoning, problem-solving, and collaboration. Project-Based Learning and gamification further operationalized critical thinking through authentic, inquiry-driven tasks. In recent years, digital technologies and AI-assisted platforms have expanded opportunities for reflection, analysis, and adaptive learning.
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