Keywords
Abstract
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system and is a highly complex structure. It is enclosed by the skull and shares the general structure of the brains of other mammals. However, it is three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal of the same body size. Although neurosurgical procedures have been performed at all ages, modern neurosurgery began in the United States with Cushing. Colored anatomical atlases of the brain and spinal cord appeared between the 19th and 20th centuries. Notably, J. Cruveilhier provided descriptions of spinal cord hemorrhage, cerebellopontine angle tumors, sclerosis, muscle atrophy, and meningiomas—pathologies that can now be observed using modern techniques. Fukushima developed endoscopic techniques not only for surgery but also for diagnostics, and applied endoscopy for opening the spinal canal. The improvement of the endoscope is associated with H. Hopkins, who worked on the enhancement of surgical instruments.
References
1. Greenberg, M. S. Handbook of Neurosurgery. Thieme Medical Publishers, 2022.
2. Yasargil, M. G. Microneurosurgery Vol. I-V. Georg Thieme Verlag.
3. Winn, H. R. Youmans and Winn Neurological Surgery, 8th ed. Elsevier, 2023.
4. Samii, M., & Ammirati, M. Surgery of the Skull Base. Springer, 2020.
5. Apuzzo, M. L. J. Brain Surgery: Complication Avoidance and Management, 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone.
6. Lunsford LD, et al. Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Clinical Applications and Future Directions. Lancet Neurology, 2021.
7. Kondziolka D, et al. Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases: Current Trends and Future Challenges. Neurosurgery, 2020.
8. Spiegel EA, Wycis HT. Stereoencephalotomy. JAMA Archives of Neurology, 1947.
9. Kato N, et al. Endoscopic Neurosurgery: Indications and Techniques. Neurosurg Clin N Am, 2018.
10. Temkin, O. The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology. Johns Hopkins University Press.
11. Finger, S. Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. Oxford University Press.
12. Clower WT. The Ancient Art of Trepanation. Neurosurgical Focus, 2000.