Keywords
Abstract
This article reviews the main approaches to the theory of sustainable urban planning and their practical examples in a scientific and analytical way. Considering cities as complex adaptive systems, the principles of landscape ecology are applied. In Ian McHarg's concept of Design with Nature, landscape layers are adapted using a layered GIS method. Richard Forman developed landscape ecology and promoted a mosaic system based on the patch–corridor–matrix mode. Jane Jacobs considers cities as "organic complexity" and favors decentralized development, harmonious with the natural flow of the population. Jan Gehl advocates the strengthening of pedestrian and public spaces, putting the human factor in the forefront of urban design. Peter Calthorpe emphasizes the integration of transport and landscape in cities through the Transit Oriented Development model. Timothy Beatley, who also put forward the concept of biophilic urbanism, believes that the enrichment of the city with nature (i.e. parks, trees, greenery) is necessary for human health and social well-being. The article analyzes the experiences of Germany (Freiburg–Vauban), Denmark (Copenhagen), Singapore ("City in Nature"), the Netherlands (Rotterdam), the United States (Portland, New York), and Sweden (Hammarby Sjöstad) and explores landscape approaches to sustainability.
References
McHarg, I. (1969). Design with Nature. New York: Wiley. p. 248.
2. Fehler, D. (1993). The Graphic Overlay Method (McHarg’s Design with Nature introduction). OU.
3. Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
4. Forman, R. T. T., & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. New York: Wiley.
5. Beatley, T. (2011). Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning. Washington, DC: Island Press.
6. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.
7. Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Washington, DC: Island Press.
8. Calthorpe, P. (1993). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
9. Calthorpe, P. (2009). Interview in Landscape Architecture Magazine. ASLA.
10. Calthorpe, P. (1993). The Next American Metropolis. Princeton University Press.
11. Beatley, T. (2011). Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design. Island Press.
12. https://www.ou.edu/class/webstudy/fehler/E3/go/introduction.html
13. https://fragstats.org/index.php/background/patch-corridor-matrix-model
14. https://www.cpij.or.jp/eng/file/gehl.pdf
15. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/1/3
16. http://depts.washington.edu/open2100/Resources/5_New%20Research/UrbanEcosystems.pdf
17.https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/Biophilic%20Cities%20Book%20Excerpt.pdf
18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275117309885
19. https://www.asla.org/news-insights/conversations-on-landscape-architecture/peter-calthorpe
21. https://knowledge.csc.gov.sg/world-cities-summit-issue/a-city-in-a-garden/